1882 Perron map CONFLUENCE OF NEN AND SUNGARI, SONGYUAN, MANCHURIA, CHINA (#42)

Description: Perron07_042 1882 Perron map CONFLUENCE OF NEN AND SUNGARI, SONGYUAN, MANCHURIA, CHINA (#42) Nice little map titled Confluent de la Nonni et de la Soungari, from wood engraving with fine detail and clear impression, nice hand coloring. Overall size approx. 21 x 12 cm, image size approx. 13.5 x 7 cm. From La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, 19 vol. (1875-94), great work of Elisee Reclus. Cartographer is Charles Perron. Songyuan Songyuan (Chinese: 松原; pinyin: Sōngyuán) is a prefecture-level city in Jilin province, China. Even though the present city of Songyuan is predominantly modern in appearance, the area has a long history dating back to the Neolithic age. The city was part of the ancient Buyeo Kingdom 2000 years ago, as well as Balhae 1000 years ago. During much of the Qing era, an important military and administrative center, known as Boduna (伯都納) was located in the Songyuan area, on the right bank of the Sungari (Songhua) River, in what is today the Ninjiang District of the city. The name was transcribed by the Europeans as Bodune, Po-tu-no, or Petuna. The Boduna fortress was originally constructed in 1693, some 25 li (15 km) east of today's Songyuan central city area. In the late Qing, the administrative center moved to Xincheng (新城, "New city") - the name still preserved by the Xincheng Township of the Ninjiang District, in the part of the Songyan's central urbank area on the right bank of the Sungari. As of the early 20th century Xincheng was the capital of a prefecture within the then Jilin Province, and had the population of around 30,000.[2] At the beginning of the 20th century, Sun Yat-sen proposed building a transportation hub where the Songhua River and the Nen River meet, which materialized as the current city of Songyuan. Authorized by the national government, Songyuan was founded as a prefecture-level city in 1992. Since then it has undergone rapid modernization, thanks in part to the area's profitable oil companies. In 2007, it was chosen to be one of the cities for the 2008 Olympic torch relay, and was the first relay stop of the province, on which occasion more than 300 media companies, domestic and international, reported on the city. In the same year, the National Astronomical Observatories of Chinese Academy named a meteor after Songyuan, an honor bestowed only on eight cities in the nation. In 2009, several exam cheating scandals gained the city nationwide media attention. In July, police arrested thirty-four suspects on charges of selling electronic devices to high school students which would have enabled them to cheat on the national college entrance exam. Police confiscated several hundred devices from the suspects, two of whom were local high school teachers.[3] Sungari River Chinese (Pinyin) Songhua Jiang or (Wade-Giles romanization) Sung-hua Chiang river in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces, northeastern China. The Sungari is the largest of the tributaries of the Amur River, which it joins below the Chinese town of Tongjiang, some distance above Khabarovsk in far eastern Russia. The total length of the Sungari is 1,195 miles (1,925 km), some 800 miles (1,300 km) of which traverse the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain. Its drainage area is about 212,000 square miles (550,000 square km). The Sungari rises in the Changbai Mountains in the border area between Jilin and North Korea. Its upper course runs north through rugged country, after which it flows out onto the Northeast Plain above the city of Jilin (Kirin). There the river has been dammed at Fengman as part of a huge hydroelectric project, forming a large retention lake more than 125 miles (200 km) long. From Jilin the river flows northwest until, in the vicinity of Da'an, it is joined by its chief tributary, the Nen River, which drains the northern Northeast Plain. It then flows eastward through the city of Harbin, where it is joined by another northern tributary, the Hulan River, before passing between the southern end of the Xiao Hinggan Range and the northern extremity of the Changbai Mountains at Jiamusi to emerge into the flat and marshy terrain of the Amur River valley. The Sungari below Jilin generally flows more placidly than it does farther upstream. Seasonal variations in its flow, however, can be considerable. The river, frozen annually from late November until March, reaches its maximum flow in the summer. As a result of thawing mountain snows from May and summer rains that last until August, together with a low river gradient in the plain, flooding is frequent. In some years, floods have caused great devastation. The Sungari, like the Nen, is an important waterway. It is navigable upstream as far as Harbin by steamships of up to 1,000 tons. Small river steamers can use the Sungari as far as Jilin and the Nen as far as Qiqihar, while several of the other tributaries and the upper waters of the Sungari and the Nen are navigable by small craft. Nen River Chinese (Pinyin) Nen Jiang or (Wade-Giles romanization) Nen Chiang , also called Nonni River river in northeastern China. The Nen River is the principal tributary of the Sungari (Songhua) River, which is itself a tributary of the Amur River. The Nen rises in the area where the Da Hinggan and Xiao Hinggan ranges come together in northern Heilongjiang province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It then flows southward, forming part of the border between these two areas as it crosses the northern section of the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain to join the Sungari just east of Da'an in Jilin province. It receives the waters of a great many tributaries that run off the eastern slopes of the Da Hinggan and the western slopes of the Xiao Hinggan ranges. Although frozen for some four months in winter and subject to serious flooding during the summer, especially around its confluence with the Sungari, the Nen is an important water route, navigable by small steamers as far as Qiqihar (Tsitsihar) and by small craft much farther to the north. The river was even more important in the early period of Chinese settlement in Heilongjiang in the 19th century, when rivers were virtually the only way to transport people and goods. In the wide, flat Northeast Plain the gradient of the Nen is very low and the river's course meanders. The plain is subject to flooding during the spring thaw and again during the summer. The plain itself is wet and in places waterlogged, having many salt bogs, swamps, and brackish lakes. The total length of the Nen River is 725 miles (1,170 km).

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